Cultural Diversity and Defining Abnormality Essay - 602 Words

Cultural Diversity and Defining Abnormality All ways of defining of abnormality are limited to a certain extent by cultural variations. This makes it difficult for psychologists to be sure that their definition technique would be effective and accurate in diagnosing all cases of abnormality. The main issue for psychologists regarding cultural diversity is that what may be considered normal in one place may be abnormal in another and therefore psychologist must consider this fact before making a diagnosis. Although the deviation from statistical norm and deviation from ideal mental health definitions are affected by cultural differences as I will discuss briefly later, it is the other two†¦show more content†¦This definition is especially vulnerable to the limits of cultural of differences as it relies totally on social norms to judge normality and therefore it is most likely to be affected by cultural variations. The second definition which is strongly affected by cultural differences is the failure to function adequately approach. This approach by Rosenhan et al. suggests 7 standards which can be used to judge if a person is abnormal. These elements include suffering, unpredictability and irrationality. However, it is the observer discomfort and violation of moral and ideal standards that are most problematic to judge due to cultural differences. Observer discomfort is felt when a person appears to be acting in a way which deviates from the unwritten rules of society and socialising. The problem with this when judging abnormality is that these rules vary between cultures. For example, certain gestures would be considered offensive in some cultures whereas in others they may not. This may mean that a person may not respond to or may respond in an abnormal way to certain gestures and therefore they maybe considered abnormal. The problem with violation from moral and ideal standards is simil ar to the problems I discussed for the deviation fromShow MoreRelatedExamine the Concepts of Normality and Abnormality1419 Words   |  6 PagesExamine the concepts of normality and abnormality (22mks) Abnormality may be defined as behavior that causes distress, loss of freedom, physical or emotional pain, and increased risk of death or injury to self or something that causes a disability of some sort. Abnormal behaviour is however difficult to diagnose because it is, to a large extent, based on the symptoms people exhibit. Psychiatrists and psychologists use a standardized system called a diagnostic manual to help them but this systemRead MoreExamine the Concepts of Normality and Abnormality1419 Words   |  6 PagesExamine the concepts of normality and abnormality (22mks) Abnormality may be defined as behavior that causes distress, loss of freedom, physical or emotional pain, and increased risk of death or injury to self or something that causes a disability of some sort. Abnormal behaviour is however difficult to diagnose because it is, to a large extent, based on the symptoms people exhibit. Psychiatrists and psychologists use a standardized system called a diagnostic manual to help them but this systemRead MoreNormality and Human Behavior1674 Words   |  7 Pageslabels often using the starting point of normality, then any behaviour that deviates away from this is seen as abnormal. 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The Pop Of Pop Art Movement Essay - 1579 Words

Pop Art movement, centralised in the United States during the 1950s-60s, was a stage in the post modernism era in which the line between low art and high art was blurred and art was more accessible to the general public (Gambino, 2011). Andy Warhol was an iconic artist during the pop art movement alongside artists like Rauschenberg and Lichtenstein. The artworks, â€Å"Campbell’s Soup Cans† (1962) and â€Å"Marilyn Diptych† (1962), depict icons from two different contexts and illustrate the theme of over consumption in post war United States. This essay argues that Warhol’s art documented the age in which he lived in. Specifically, these two works create parallel between the commoditisation of a product and a person. The pop art movement is reflective of the societal situation in post-world war United States specifically regarding mass production, pop culture, and consumerism. Andrew Warhola was born on August 6th 1928 into a Catholic, working class, immigrant family in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Shanes, 2006). During his childhood he suffered from Chorea, a rare neurological disease which caused various physiological dysfunctions (Ho, n.d.), leaving him bedridden, he would spend time drawing, listening to the radio, and surrounding himself with pictures of celebrities. According to Mackin (2010), this period in his life heavily influenced his personality and interests which developed further into his career in art. Andy Warhol began his career after studying commercial art at theShow MoreRelatedThe Movement Of Pop Art991 Words   |  4 Pages The term ‘Pop Arts ‘was innovated in the mid-1950s and early 1960 s. Undoubtedly, the god father of this movement is Andy Warhol – the biggest influence on humanity s fixation on visual art. His performance traverses the connection among aesthetic utterance, culture and commercial. By applying various ways of techniques which included silk screen process (for mass production) and colour settlement, Warhol showed to the world of art his perspectives on media, economics and politics. Thus, thisRead MorePop Art : An Art Movement905 Words   |  4 PagesPop Art is an art movement that emerged in the 1950’s characterized by imagery from pop culture mostly on advertisements and news often using the sense of irony. This movement was more of a cultural revolution using vibrant colors and bold graphics to represent a statement and provi de an instant meaning. It has a relation with the abstract expressionism, however it is clearer and has a comic book vibe. Pop art is not trying to confuse you and make you analyze its meaning, on the contrary, it wantsRead MorePop Art Movement Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesThe Pop Art Movement was one of the biggest visual art movements of the 20th century. Therefore it is extremely significant. 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KleinerRead MoreAndy Warhol s Influence On The Pop Art Movement1608 Words   |  7 PagesAndy Warhol, born Andrew Warhola on August 6, 1928, was one of the most successful artists within the pop art movement. At the age of 8, Warhol was diagnos ed with a rare, sometimes fatal, disease named Chorea. Also known as St. Vitus’s dance, a neurological disorder that is characterized by jerky involuntary movements affecting especially the shoulders, hips and face. Warhol, was left bedridden of several months, however during these months was when he found out about his talent for drawing. LaterRead MoreWarhol : A Artist And A Prominent Figure Into The Pop Art Movement1300 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Pop Art Movement. Andrew Warhola was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. From 1945 to 1949, Warhola studied at the Carnegie Institute of Technology. In 1949, he moved and settled in New York and changed his surname to Warhol. He then worked as a Commercial artist. In the earlier years of the 1960’s, Warhol enjoyed experimenting with large mass advertisements, magazines, and other images. In 1962, he started working on the Marilyn Monroe series, which was the beginning of his success as a Pop artistRead MoreAndy Warhol: Influence on the Twentieth Century Pop Art Movement1065 Words   |  5 PagesAs a profound influence on the twentieth century pop art movement, Andy Warhol ascended to become a cornerstone in the modern art world. After taking cues from society in the mid-twentieth century, as well as conversing with Muriel Latow, Warhol did what many artists strived to do but failed. Andy also extracted many of his ideas from other artists and built on them. He put a culture on canvas and revolutionized pop art for a life time. The nineteen sixties, seventies, and eighties were periods

Discuss the Notions of Ideology and/or False Consciousnes Free Essays

â€Å"The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas, i. e. the class which is the ruling material force of society, is at the same time its ruling intellectual force. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the Notions of Ideology and/or False Consciousnes or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (K. Marx and F. Engels. (1998) â€Å"Ruling Class and Ruling Ideas†. In J. Storey. (ed. ). Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: A Reader Harlow, Essex: Pearson, 191. ) Discuss the notions of ideology and/or false consciousness. Ideology is something that has and will be always in everyone’s life. This is a part of human life. In my essay about ideology I am going to write about Karl Marx ideas about ideology and also Louise Althusser interpretations about ideology. In my opinion they are the two that explain ideology and false consciousness in the best and most understandable way. I am going to start with Karl Marx and write about his thoughts on ideology, false consciousness and how does it fit in to everyday life. Afterwards how Althusser complicated Marx’s ideas and explained how ideology works in people’s lives in his own way. The Expression â€Å"Ideology† was created by Cabanis, Destutt de Tracy and their friends, and they defined it as an object the theory of ideas. Afterwards it was picked up by Karl Marx (1818-1883) and few years latter Louis Althusser (1918-1990) started expanding Marx ides on ideology. Main ideas on ideology by Karl Marx appeared in â€Å"The German Ideology†, that he wrote with Frederick Engels. Althusser wrote about Marx’s ides that (2001) â€Å"Ideology itself represents the â€Å"production of ideas, of conceptions, of consciousness,† all that â€Å"men say, imagine, conceive,† and include such things as â€Å"politics, laws, morality, religion, metaphysics, etc. Ideology functions as the superstructure of a civilization: the conventions and culture that make up the dominant ideas of a society. † Ideology is basically ideas of social groups. People think that something has some kind of purpose to serve them, but really it has a differen t purpose. For example police, everyone thinks that they are here to protect us, but actually their purpose is to keep us under control. The ideology is based on the ruling class and their ideas. Ruling class tries to keep everything running properly and keep people under control. It is said by Althusser â€Å"Since one goal of ideology is to legitimize those forces in a position of hegemony, it tends to obfuscate the violence and exploitation that often keep a disempowered group in its place. † For masses ideology is as a system of illusory beliefs – False Consciousness. False consciousness is a misrepresentation of different social relations between privet and public. Daniel Little (no date) wrote â€Å"â€Å"False consciousness† is a concept derived from Marxist theory of social class. The concept refers to the systematic misrepresentation of dominant social relations in the consciousness of subordinate classes. Marx himself did not use the phrase â€Å"false consciousness,† but he paid extensive attention to the related concepts of ideology and commodity fetishism. † Marx never said in his work that ideology is false consciousness, but ideology in his work can be interpreted as false consciousness in some ways. Ideology is seen as illusionary beliefs, people see things in one way, helping them, their living conditions and different organisations working for people, for example schools, clothing factories, etc. But in reality all this organisations work for ruling classes to keep masses under ruling classes power. Schools educate people to make them able to work for the ruling class in the future and keep the economy going. Clothing factories create clothes for people, and everybody thinks that their made for them to feel better, so they could go out and buy new clothes and feel happy. In reality clothes are produced to lure people to buy them and spend money, give hardly earned money back to the ruling class and most of the clothes are produced to last for a short time, so people would keep coming back and buying more. Looking through people’s point of view, ideology can be interpreted as false consciousness. Andrew Butler (2009) said in our lecture â€Å"Ideology – people doing what they’re doing without knowing what they’re doing or why. † If people are doing what they are doing without knowing, it can be translated as false consciousness. They think that they know what they are doing and why they are doing it, but actually not. Ideology is false beliefs and ideas, false understanding how world works. Louis Althusser, expanded Karl Marx ideas on ideology. Marx separated everything, he thought that superstructure has a relative autonomy with relation to the base, that superstructure is not influenced by base and other way around as well. But Althusser did not reject these ideas but complicates them, he sees superstructure and base working together, he does not separate them from each other. It was said in our lecture by Andrew Butler (2009) â€Å"Whereas classic Marxism sees the economic base as determining the superstructure Althusser sees them as having a Double function. By double function he meant that there is not a separation between public and private, everything is linked together. A good example was brought in our lecture notes by Andrew Butler (2009) â€Å"Imagine a kind of network where everything impacts on everything else. the feminist slogan the personal is political would be a good way of thinking about this. So the family – something that might seem personal or more specifically say breastfeeding might seem pri vate is in fact linked to the economic base and influenced by the superstructure. Breastfeeding could be part of a medical fad or you might do it because of education but doing it or not impacts on when you go back to work or whether you buy formula milks so it is an economic and political decision as well as a private one. † In Althusser’s opinion ideology treats people as subjects, because ideology has a material existence. Ideology always reveals through human actions and participations. For example art, art is produced for people to buy, to give money back to the country, but art is produced through another person, through hard labour and he also gets paid for it, this is a job for him. David Hawkes (1996, p. 122) said â€Å"an ideology always exists in an apparatus, and its practice, or practices. This existence is material† Ideology is an ideal idea of perfect state; it has a material existence that treats humans as subjects. In our lecture notes by Andrew Butler (2009) Althusser asked â€Å"why subjects are obedient, why people follow the laws and why isn’t there a revolt/revolution against capitalism IF IT IS NOT IN THE INTERESTS OF THE LOWER CLASSES† and he explained this through complicating Marx’s ideas by bringing in Repressive State Apparatuses and Ideological State Apparatuses. Repressive State Apparatuses can control people by force so everybody would behave in the way as the ruling class wants; it includes organizations like the police, prisons, security, etc. Ideological State Apparatuses include institutions that create ideologies on what people can act and believe, for example schools, churches, legal systems, radio, press, television, etc. ISAs acts through ideology, they tell people how to think and influence people mentally, not like RSA, which acts through violence. In conclusion I would say that Ideology is a set of ideas of social groups. People think that something has some kind of purpose to serve them, but really it has a different purpose – false consciousness. For masses ideology is as a system of illusory beliefs – False Consciousness. Though Marx never said in his work that ideology is false consciousness, but ideology in his work can be interpreted as false consciousness in some ways. Louis Althusser was another ideology theorist and he expanded Karl Marx ideas on ideology. Where Marxism saw the economic base as determining the superstructure Althusser saw them as having a Double function. That they work together, superstructure determines economic base and economic base determines superstructure. He explained this by expanding Marx’s ideas by bringing in Repressive State Apparatuses and Ideological State Apparatuses. That people are seen as subject and state has different associations to keep people under control by force, violence and also by giving people ideas how everything works and it is all meant to be for people, to make their lives better and more organised. Ideology is meant to keep people under ruling class power and order. In my opinion the ideology is working just fine, it keeps the world organised and together. Only it does it through false consciousness, lies. †¢ Hawkes, D. (1996) Ideology. reprint edition. Routledge †¢ Althusser, L. (2001) Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. Trans. Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review P. Available at: http://www. cla. purdue. edu/English/theory/marxism/modules/marxideology. html (Accessed: 21 April 2009) †¢ Althusser, L. (2001) Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. Trans. Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review P. Available at: http://www. cla. purdue. edu/English/theory/marxism/modules/marxideology. html (Accessed: 21 April 2009) †¢ Althusser, L. (2001) Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. Trans. Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review P. Available at: http://www. cla. purdue. edu/English/theory/marxism/modules/marxideology. html (Accessed: 21 April 2009) †¢ Little, D. (no date) False Consciousness, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Available at: http://www-personal. umd. umich. edu/~delittle/iess%20false%20consciousness%20V2. htm (Accessed: 21 April 2009) How to cite Discuss the Notions of Ideology and/or False Consciousnes, Papers

Nursing for Clinical Judgment and Ethics- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theNursing for Clinical Judgment and Ethics. Answer: Nursing is the backbone of healthcare system of the county. Most of the times, nurses are given the responsibility to save the lives of the people at crucial circumstances. They regularly encounter the dilemma of making ethically sound decisions. In healthcare profession, the nurses must realize the importance of accurate record-keeping and maintaining ethical conduct related to signatures. In the present essay, the ethical issue of signature forging is discussed. In the given case, a colleague is asked to attend the class and forge the signature in the attendance sheet of the student. It can be perceived as an unethical behavior. In the nursing profession, signature forging is considered as a serious disciplinary matter. In such situation, the nursing student must be charged under the discipline regulations of the University. The nursing ethical committee and the University discipline committee heavily penalize such misconduct. It is due to the fact that the nursing profession is ba sed on ethics, integrity, sense of responsibility and self-discipline. In this essence, the present essay will discuss the issue of signature forging and provide possible actions to address the issue. Forging of signature is a serious ethical issue and required immediate legal action. Even in normal circumstances, forging signature should be addressed with legal action as it can result in fraud. The results of signature forging are negative on the finances and the image of the person. Moreover, the nursing professionals have to be ethically responsible as they have the responsibility of protecting the lives of the patients. The case of signature forgery among the students is a serious issue. It is a common practice among the students to forge each others signature in the attendance sheet. However, it encourages absenteeism. Moreover, students do not value the importance of being present in the class. This behavior should be immediately reported to the ethical committee (Park, Kjervik, Crandell, Oermann, 2012). The nurses have the responsibility of protecting the health, safety and the rights of the patients. It is unethical behavior of the nurses to forge the signature of the patients or a colleague. It impacts the right of other person in making an informed, self-derived and autonomous decision. The nurses have a high job responsibility as they have to honor, protect ad respect the right of patients and their peers. The nurses must honor their rights and the rights of their patients. While making ethical decisions, the nurses must be attentive to the legal language and understand how their actions affect others (Cannaerts, Gastmans Casterl, 2014). In order to promote ethical actions, the government and the nursing committee have made several laws to address the fraud and abuse in the healthcare. These committees are also focused on encouraging moral behavior in the name of ethics. It is the responsibility of the organization to motivate moral behavior, settling disagreement and controversies among different people (Johnstone, 2011). The committees have designed ethical guidelines to promote ethical behavior among the nurses. The nursing ethics is a specific discipline, which concerns with the ethical behavior in the field of nursing. The nursing principles are concerned with several values, such as beneficence, non-maleficence and respect for autonomy. Other than that, the nursing ethics are also based on emphasis on relationships, human dignity and collaborative care to the patients. The nurses have the ethical responsibility to address the high-quality care to the patients (Bollig, Gjengedal Rosland, 2016). Therefore, they should be familiar to the ethical code of conduct and use them in the decision making. The international nursing code of conduct is culturally adapted so that the nurses can adapt their behavior according to the geographical location and the behavior of the customers. The ethical codes provide the required elements for the ethical conduct and assist the nurses in taking the ethical decisions. The nurses have several duties such as to work as clinical nurse, researcher, administrator and the policy makers. The nursing ethics also acknowledge them that they are required to make ethical decisions and the value of their profession as they provide direct care to the patients, teaching nursing staff, performing research and supervision and management to the teaching staff. The nursing educators also owe importance of understanding the legal and ethical standards to increase the capability of the nurses. The ethical duties also raise the awareness of the nurses regarding the significance of certain duties and responsibilities. In the recent years, several issues have occurred, in which experienced nurses have broken the ethical code of conduct. These situations have highlighted the importance of specialized ethics and nursing education in the education. In the nursing profession, ethics encompass values, rights, duties and responsibilities. The ethical codes are used to interact with the patients, colleagues and other professionals. The nursing educators should adopt a holistic approach to establish a proper value system among the students. The ethical issue will expand the intellectual capacity of the students. As a professional, they will be more emotionally stable and morally mature. The ethical case study will increase the ethical awareness of the s tudents, which will make them proficient in handling the ethical dilemma. It also makes the student ready to handle the ethical conflicts, which will be encountered in the future practice (Grace DRN, 2017). The ethical education also helps the professional in developing a sense of identity, which promotes the professional development. Therefore, education interventions are needed at the beginning of the professional education as the students realize the importance of ethical education. By following the ethical rules, the nursing students will also be able to develop desirable relationships with the other nurses. The nursing ethics education require lecture regarding nursing ethics and professionalism. The content of the lectures should be based on the learning objectives designed by the international nursing committee. The learning objectives should focus on the concepts of nursing ethics, ethical thinking, ethics pertaining to the nurses and the clients, professional establishment and characteristics of the nursing profession. It should also encompass the theories and the real life case-studies (Kang, 2017). While discussing the ethics and the responsibility of the nurse, it is important to realize that these ethical values must be imbibed in the education of the nurses. It is important to make the nursing students aware the importance of the ethical conduct in their professional behavior. In the present case, a nursing student tried to breach the ethics and tried to adopt unethical behavior. In such case, it is important that the nursing student is realizes that his behavior is inappropriate. However, to change the attitude and demonstrate the importance of the issue, the case must be notified to the University ethics committee. The university ethics committee will take strict action and heavily penalize the student. The student should realize that je is certifying the acquisition of knowledge, which he has not received. The nursing profession is a responsible profession and the nurses have to deal with critical situations, which often involve the life of the people (Benner, Tanner Chesla, 2009). In this case, it is important that the nurses have attained the knowledge, for which they are giving guarantee. If the student passes with the certification, he might be given some critical responsibility in his professional career (Ulrich, Taylor, Soeken, ODonnell, Farrar, Danis Grady, 2010). However, the student will not be able to handle this responsibility. Therefore, in nursing, forgery in attendance sheet results in severe outcomes. The patients are not the only stakeholder in the treatment of the patients, but it also includes the patients family and the healthy people in the society, which are part of the plans and services provided to the patient. The nurses must realize that their actions will not only play with the lives of the patients but it will also affect the lives of their families. Here, it can be critiqued that ethical and professional authenticity and ethical b behavior is important in the nursing profession. The importance of following ethical behavior should be enforced to the students during their education. The nurses often have to work in a fast-paced and technical environment. It is their responsibility to take ethically sound decisions about the patient care and share it with other healthcare professionals. The nurses should be prepared about such situations from their undergraduate years. The development of ethical behavior and adherence to the ethical standards is important part of nursing profession. The nurses must be capable of developing trust and they are also needed to demonstrate compassion and empathy to the nurses. Most of the times, nurse work alone in the treatment of the patients and they have to perform duties according to the physicians instructions or use their own judgement in urgent situations. Ethics assure that the nurses are indulging in fair and equal treatment to all the patients including economic status, age, ethnic background and sexual orientation. Therefore, ethics have important role in the nursing education. Nursing ethics are important for making the s tudents an important member of the society and offering them highest ideals of the nursing profession. The nursing education has a critical role in developing a climate, which makes the student exercise sound judgement, practice ethical standards, supporting the colleagues and committing to their profession. Therefore, any instance of unethical behavior must be shunned immediately by the nursing educators and the committees (Benner, Tanner Chesla, 2009). There are other codes of ethic, which states that the nurses should respect the individual dignity of the patients, and it should be regardless of the cultural, socio-economic, gender or ethnic background of the individual. The international code of conduct also emphasizes the importance of ethical behavior in the nursing profession. The fourth element of the code elaborates on the ethical conduct of the nursing professionals, which emphasize the ethical behavior between the nurses and co-workers. As practitioners and managers, the nurses should develop a workplace system, which support the professional and ethical value at the workplace (ICN, 2012). Therefore, the university should take strict action to combat such behavior. The university should make the student aware that such behavior is inappropriate and unacceptable in terms of nursing profession. The nurse should behave in an ethical manner. The student must be given a chance to justify himself. However, if he is still found guilty, he should be penalized financially and suspended from the college. He must be able to realize the importance of nursing ethics. Conclusively, it can be stated that the ethics are important part of the nursing profession. The ethical education is indispensable in the development of the ethical value system among the nursing students. In the present essay, the case of signature forgery among the students has been evaluated. It is a common practice among the students wherein they forge each others signature in the attendance sheet. It promotes absenteeism and the students do not value the importance of being present in the class. Other than that, signature forgery is a serious ethical issue. This behavior should be immediately reported and the University should heavily penalize the students involved in such type of crime. It is recommended that the universities and the educators should use different approaches in teaching ethics to the students. There are several approaches such as the use of movies, documentary videos, press release and discussions. The ethical awareness among the students should be raised by t he use of movies, documentary videos, press release and the ethical discussion. References Benner, P. E., Tanner, C. A., Chesla, C. A. (2009).Expertise in nursing practice: Caring, clinical judgment, and ethics. Springer Publishing Company. Bollig, G., Gjengedal, E., Rosland, J. H. (2016). Nothing to complain about? Residents and relatives views on a good life and ethical challenges in nursing homes.Nursing ethics,23(2), 142-153. Cannaerts, N., Gastmans, C., Casterl, B. D. D. (2014). Contribution of ethics education to the ethical competence of nursing students: educators and students perceptions.Nursing ethics,21(8), 861-878. Grace, P. J., DRN, P. (Eds.). (2017).Nursing ethics and professional responsibility in advanced practice. Jones Bartlett Learning. ICN. (2012). THE ICN CODE OF ETHICS FOR NURSES. Retrieved 18 April 2018 from https://www.icn.ch/images/stories/documents/about/icncode_english.pdf Johnstone, M.J. (2011). Bioethics: A Nursing Perspective. Elsevier Health Sciences. Kang, S. W. (2017). The influence of ethics education on awareness of nursing students with no clinical experience regarding the code of ethics: A case study.Journal of Nursing Education and Practice,7(10), 12. Park, M., Kjervik, D., Crandell, J., Oermann, M. H. (2012). The relationship of ethics education to moral sensitivity and moral reasoning skills of nursing students.Nursing ethics,19(4), 568-580. Ulrich, C. M., Taylor, C., Soeken, K., ODonnell, P., Farrar, A., Danis, M., Grady, C. (2010). Everyday ethics: ethical issues and stress in nursing practice.Journal of advanced nursing,66(11), 2510-2519.

Concept of Planning the Generic Strategies Model

Planning involves outlining what needs to be done in the future in line with the organization’s objectives and operations. This ensures that the management attends to all the company’s operations as outlined in the objectives. Planning also limits time wastage by the employees. There are different models that players in the business sector use to explain the whole concept of planning. One of such is the generic strategies model. This model can best be explained by considering the scenarios given below.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Planning: the Generic Strategies Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lucky Washing Machines Manufacturing Company manufactures modern day utensils’ washing machines. This retail firm produces 10,000 machines annually. Lucky Washing Machines Manufacturing Company uses the cost leadership strategy in order to penetrate and sustain itself within the co mpetitive market. Cost leadership strategy involves winning the potential market share by producing commodities, which are sold at a price which is appealing to cost-sensitive customers (Pearce Robinson, 2012). The firm, therefore, produces commodities which are comparably cheap to the ones already existing in the market. In order to balance between market retention and profit maximization, the firm uses cheap factors of production, which cut on the cost of production. Also, the firm produces commodities in large volume so as to spread the fixed costs of production over a large number of units. This approach seems to be working well for the firm as evidenced by high sales return. The company has also maintained its position in the market as one of the best firms in manufacturing washing machines. Neo Leather Retail Company manufactures soft leather shoes. This retail company uses the differentiation strategy in order to penetrate the leather shoe market which gets supplies from oth er companies. Firms use differentiation strategy in situations where the target market is not price-sensitive. Rather, the market is characterized with specific needs such as uniqueness as is the case with the fashion industry. Neo Leather Retail Company, therefore, produces quality products, which are unique in their nature by factoring in the current trends, in the fashion industry. The firm also has contracts with different celebrities so as to maintain its stake within the competitive fashion industry. Neo Leather Retail Company gains from the public perception of celebrities being current trend leaders in the fashion industry, by dressing the celebrities. Differentiation strategy has worked well for this manufacturing firm, because unlike before, when the firm had to go in search for the celebrities whom to offer contracts, the trend has changed as the firm has experienced a high number of celebrities who have approached its management for contracts. Additionally, the firm has reported a significant increase in sales volume over the last on year.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Linley Milk Company is a firm that processes and supplies dairy products. This company uses the niche strategy in order to maintain its stake within the market. Smaller firms that can not employ the extremes of both the cost leadership and differentiation strategies usually use the niche strategy (Bryson, 2011). These small firms aim to strike a balance between the low cost market and the differentiated market. The firm targets price-sensitive customers by offering products at low prices. Equally, the firm offers unique commodities like powdered butter in order to capture the differentiated market. Niche planning strategy approach does not seem to be working well for this firm, because there are distinctive products, which can be derived from milk. Consequently, it is diffi cult to attach any uniqueness to the product other than quality. References Bryson, J. M. (2011). Strategic planning for public and nonprofit organizations: A guide to strengthening and sustaining organizational achievement (Vol. 1). New York: John Wiley Sons. Pearce, J., Robinson, R. (2012). Strategic planning. New York: McGraw-Hill This essay on Concept of Planning: the Generic Strategies Model was written and submitted by user Lindsey Goff to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

10 Informative Essay Topics on Art in Late Antiquity

10 Informative Essay Topics on Art in Late Antiquity If you are tasked with writing an informative essay on art in Late Antiquity, review the 10 facts below. These are taken from across the specified time period and across the different movements in art which were revered by religious leaders and the general public alike. Be sure to review all ten in order to find something substantial and ideally suitable for your next writing assignment: Art transformed from the Middle Ages where it focused on bright colors to draw attention to the contrast between the main characters within the artwork in pieces symbolizing of love and sensuality. Painters of the Renaissance period used lighting and the force of contrast and shadow effects, drawing attention to the fact that love has different forms, not just an emotional response but also the love of body and sensuality. The Middle Ages would focus upon the same content, using different artistic ideals to convey sacred ideas. This piece focuses on displaying scenes from the Bible with contrast in lighting meant to reflect the angelic nature of man or prophets to those pieces. During the Middle Ages, the religious movement which came from this transitional period is referred to as â€Å"Modern Devotion† which encouraged people to seek a personal relationship with God through reading and meditating upon the scriptures (Davies 469). Soon there was an artistic movement of stressed Naturalism. This painting is consistent with the themes of the time, indicated by the subject and many other facets. Oil paintings which had a close resemblance to optimal reality became the major artistic style. Roman-based artists were spread throughout Rome and Europe and responded to the conflict with Humanism. Refinement became synonymous with Humanism for the emerging middle class. New definitions of beauty were explored by conscious artists who meant experimenting with ideal figure types, proportions, and unusual compositions. With Late Antiquity there came many changes, including the land conquest lead by Constantine, and after his anointment to power, the promotion of his new religion: Christianity. It is because of his triumph in battle that he had the Church of St. Peter constructed in its honor. This church would have been considered a temple by the Romans and the architecture used for it was typical of Roman public buildings. It assumed the name â€Å"basilica† as it encompassed the architectural traits of a basilica. Another aspect to the changing religious tides were related to the dead. The first centuries of Christianity brought with them the catacombs, or underground network of passages in which to bury the dead. Inside of these buildings were found paintings and artwork on the walls and ceilings which showed scenes of salvation. The catacombs of the Late Antiquity period were underground passageways which were used to bury the dead. Inside of the catacombs were cubicula’s which were small rooms known as mortuary chapels. The Loculi were the openings in the walls where the dead were received. During this period the earliest figure represented across the artwork found in many architectural triumphs and older buildings alike include is Christ in his role as the Good Shepherd. The altar’s location within the churches was significant, typically aligned toward the east. With Late Antiquity architecture, ambulatory was the passageway which surrounded the altar of a church. The apse was the endpoint of that altar’s location. The atrium was the courtyard of the church or of a Roman house. In Christian architecture, having an axially planned church was symbolic of an ideal and this took form in a basilica. From the clerestory, or third window of the church, one might have a better view of the sunken panel located inside of the ceiling, as well as the entrance into catacombs. It was common for a lunette to be present over a doorway, a crescent-shaped space, inside of which paintings or sculptures were held. Some of the more famous sculptures from this period include the Four Tetrarchs, which came from the Late Antiquity period around 305 A.D. The Emperor Diocletian converted the empire of the time into four administrative units each of which were governed by a tetrarch. The porphyry group was shown as all four looking alike in the statues and artwork in order to suggest unity and stability. Constantine was able to defeat the former tetrarch Maxentius during the Battle of the Milvian Bridge. The defeat was captured in the beautiful sculpture. Another sculpture is the colossal head of Constantine, which came from the Late Antiquity period and is dated to between 310 and 330 A.D. His head is like many statues of Constantine which were designed with a message: the open and unblinking eyes were meant to tell his people that he was always watching. One of the more famous large artistic pieces is the Ravenna in the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia. This mausoleum is covered with a beautiful painting which takes up the lunette over the doorway. It is dated to between 425 and 500 A.D. A piece of famous architecture from this period is the Basilica of Constantine located in Trier in Germany. This building represents a great many of the famous Late Antiquity aspects, including the clerestory, the sunken ceiling panels, the lunette, the apse, and the ambulatory. Churches during this time used a chalice, or cup, during their ceremonies. It was also heavily integrated into the artwork which came from that period. They also used the first four books, or Gospels written by the Four Evangelists. In the artwork from this time period Matthew was construed as an eagle. Mark was painted as a lion. Luke was portrayed as a bull. John was also painted as an eagle. The mausoleums or tombs were another type of building modeled artistically after Roman buildings. They were important because the burials took place outside of the city walls, while Christian churches sought to memorialize the dead and simultaneously show how unimportant the physical body was by incorporating the bodies into the ceremonies. This can be found in many artistic pieces. Purple was the imperial color, something which is seen throughout the artwork from this period. The Porphyry stone was reserved for the emperors because it had that bright purple color so regularly associated with the leadership of the time. These 10 facts should give you a good idea about the art in late antiquity. You may also check our 20 subtopics on this matter and a guide on how to write an informative essay on it. References: Brown, Peter Robert Lamont.  The world of late antiquity, AD 150-750. Harcourt College Pub, 1971. Davies, Penelope. Janson’s History of Art: The Western Tradition (Upper Saddle River, NJ 2006. Doar, Bruce G. The Great Wall of China: Tangible, Intangible and Destructable.China Heritage Newsletter  1 (Mar.-Apr. 2010). Print. Edmunds, Richard L.  Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan: A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy. Rep. no. 213. Chicago: University of Chicago: Department of Geography, 1985. Print. Fowden, Garth.  Empire to commonwealth: consequences of monotheism in late antiquity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993. Mathews, Thomas F.  The clash of gods: a reinterpretation of early Christian art. Princeton University Press, 1999. Sambursky, Samuel.  The physical world of late antiquity. Princeton University Press, 2014.

Molecular basis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase II activity Coursework

Molecular basis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase II activity - Coursework Example The RdRP activity has also been implicated in the replication of the RNA Genomes of HDV virus and plant viriods. 3) What is meant by HDV? Why would investigators want to study HDV? In your answer, tell me about HDV and why investigators would want to study HDV. What is the ANTIGENOME? Why is it important in the experimental design? HDV is Hepatitis Delta Virus. The investigators have taken HDV for the study as RdRP activity of Pol II has been established to be involved in the replication of the viral genome. Antigenome is the complementary positive RNA which serves as the template for the synthesis of the negative strand of the virus. To understand the physiological significance of the RdRP activity, the terminal segment of the HDV antigenome, which directs RNA synthesis and is sensitive to the Pol II inhibitor alpha- amanitin, was studied. 4) What is meant by â€Å"FAM-labeled RNA products were separated by denaturing gel electrophoresis†? DO NOT give me cookbook recipes, i.e. do not provide a ‘step-by-step how to’ that could be used to perform an experiment. Describe the method in general terms. FAM is 6 carboxy- flourescein label. Nucleotides labeled with such flourophores, have shown improved sensitivity, versatility and normalization when separated by denaturing gel electrophoresis. After purification of the nucleotides the fluorescein tag was attached by incubation with the 5’ terminal of the nucleotides. 5) DATA INTERPRETATION: Evaluate Figure 1. Break the analysis down. Strive to understand what each lane of the gel represents. Make note of the controls as well. Your focus for your response is the part of the figure labeled b, c, and d. Use part a in assisting you. Summarize what each part (b, c, and d) of the figure suggests. The RNA synthesized by the RdRP activity of Pol II is fluorescent labeled and separated by gel electrophoresis and viewed. Lane 1 in the gel shows only the reactant RNA.

Wastewater management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wastewater management - Research Paper Example In an era where people in the communities are gaining more knowledge about issues of the environment and their impact on the globe, it is everyone’s responsibility to use, establish and put into practice inventive ways of managing wastes and resources (World Resources Institute, 1996). Wastewater refers to water that has been hugely affected in condition by the influence of anthropogenic. These constitute liquid waste produced by industry, domestic properties, agriculture and/or commercial properties and can take in an extensive variety of probable concentrations and contaminants. Moreover, municipal wastewater is frequently treated in an effluent sewer, sanitary sewer, septic tank or combined sewer. It is likely to establish an association between contaminants of waste in a wastewater watercourse, but such a correlation cannot be simplified for operation with any additional wastewater course or waste impurities. This is because the constitution of any wastewater course is dissimilar (World Resources Institute, 1996). Many of the country’s sewer and water infrastructures were devised and constructed in the early days. These systems were made with a short life period in mind. Currently, as a result of this, there is a shortage in communal facility spending. This imposes heavy costs of repair for the future generations. The present water and sewer infrastructure cannot sustain the growing human population or exist for a long time without the need for thorough rehabilitation. Aging infrastructure and increasing amounts of waste water are increasing the cost of obtaining clean water. In addition, the environment is increasingly being affected negatively by these factors (World Resources Institute, 1996). It is not healthy for wildlife, domesticated animals, and human beings to get into contact with ground or surface water that is contaminated with waste or drink it. Wastewater management is an essential function in upholding

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 12

Case study - Essay Example One thing which is common among them is that they all love their jobs, even if they are apparently difficult to others. All the job profiles mentioned in the examples are apparently tough and hectic, which provides challenging situations and huge work load. They also demands extensive attention and time devotion to an employee’s work life. In general, most of the employees would face exhaustion and burn out while working in this schedule (Burke & MacDermid, 1999), but these individuals mentioned in the examples, are driven by challenge and they are motivated by high target fulfilment. All of them work in respectable and well renowned companies and in reputable positions. Although, they have very little time for personal life, and their work-life balance is reduced to a minimum, they enjoy their work life more than their personal life. These individuals are all self-motivated; they are driven by tough challenges and high achievement of success. According to Douglas, and Morris (2006), most workaholic people work for personal desire, they are rarely driven by the future outcome, rather what push es them is the need to complete their task and reach their goal. They all push themselves out of their comfort zone, to achieve what most of the people cannot. Some of the jobs allow the employees to travel all around the world, which is preferred by a workaholic employee, but is seen as a hectic scheduled job by an average one. According to Koà §oglu, Gà ¼rkan, and Aktas (2014) challenging workload is one of the factors of job satisfaction. Workload can be overwhelming to employees if it exceeds the employees’ working ability. Eventually, it causes job dissatisfaction and psychological withdrawal from the job. On the other hand, too little work load can cause job dissatisfaction too, because the employee eventually feels frustrated and their morale goes down (Koà §oglu,

A Study On Space And Time Media Essay

A Study On Space And Time Media Essay The ability of humans to create, change, adapt to and enhance their surroundings, their interactions, and their lifestyle has been an incredible feat throughout mankinds existence. Even ancient inventions such as the wheel or the discovery of fire have propelled humans forward, enabling them to build tremendous, continuously developing infrastructures throughout the world. With these ever-developing infrastructures in place, the rapidity of movement and communication has been constantly increasing. They have effectively shortened the time it takes to cross a certain distance. Time and space are the main factors of being; our movements, daily routines and interactions are entirely based around them. However, with technologies ranging from telegraphic communication to the internet and the mobile phone, time is, in some aspects of social live, not only being shortened but is becoming detached from space itself causing us to reconsider how time and space are actually related to each othe r. The concepts and parameters of time and space are particularly hard to define due to their complexity as Harvey (1989: p.203) states: â€Å"the objective qualities of physical time-space cannot be understood, therefore independently of the qualities of material processes.† We have learned to measure them and therefore have given them a basic characterization, so that there is a certain logical feeling to time and space, a sense of passive control. Without matter, time and space have no importance. Modern existence has revolved around understanding and ultimately decreasing time in order to shorten space. Due to mobility inventions starting with the horse cart and ending with the jet plane, the space we move backwards and forwards in has become compressed, while the measurements of space itself has not changed. Time was until the invention of the clock, hard to pin down. Obviously individuals were able to make out periods of a day (morning, midday, night), but there were no pro per time periods, no sense of timely organization. With the clock, society became more structured. Employees were allocated work hours, social meetings could be allocated to a specific hour in the day and a clear timely division between work time and recreational time was put in place. During the industrialisation and even nowadays, this time control has put an exact time structure for allocated movements in an allocated space. It allowed bureaucratic systems to emerge, with which control and structure was implemented into social live. The clocks effect is immense, possibly just like the internet is having an effect on society in post modern society. Space on the other hand is more straightforward for individuals to perceive. Harvey describes space in a social context as â€Å"‘stations (places where certain activities like working, shopping etc. occur) and ‘domains where certain social interactions prevail† (Harvey, 1989: p.211) However, defining space as station s and domains, could also be seen as an oversimplification of space itself. This definition, as Harvey even states himself â€Å"makes no attempt to understand why certain social relations dominate others, or how meaning gets assigned to places, spaces, history, and time.† (Harvey, 1989: p. 212) This simplification and Harveys contradiction to it, shows that there is more to space than just simple stations or domains. Space is not necessarily easily definable. Space and our perception of it are under constant fluctuation, causing us to observe different spaces different. There are private spaces, public spaces, restricted spaces, spaces controlled by a specific group of people. Time and space are intertwined with our social actions and social statuses. There are two important theories of how time and space relations are changing throughout modernity and post modernity; Giddenss time-space distanciation and Harveys idea of time-space compression. Giddens refers to a development â€Å"which tears space away from place by fostering relations between ‘absent others, locationally distant from any given situation of face-to-face interaction† (Giddens 1990, 18) as well as â€Å"lifting out of social relationships from local contexts of interaction and their restructuring across time and space† (Giddens 1990, 21). Giddens calls this disembedding. This means that time and space distance themselves from each other, furthermore we ourselves are lifted out of time and space in a social and communicative context. The need for a physical space to communicate is becoming less central. Harveys idea of time-space compression on the other hand touches upon the fact that with a globalising world, individuals who live in very dista nt places are able to experience the same things at the same time. In essence, this means that they live in the same space, having the same experiences during the same time period. Harvey thus points out that due to our constant development of new communication technologies; the space we move around in and the way we communicate, becomes compressed because we are able to cover the same distance in less time or in no time at all. Both of these two theories about rethinking time-space relations state the fact that information and communication technological advances are central to creating a world that in all places is synchronized. However, a completely electronically synchronised world is far from becoming an actual reality. How can time and space be understood in a postmodern era, where due to new media technologies time and space have changed? As stated earlier, communication changed due to the emergence of immediate communication. The telegraph has changed the idea and concepts of real time. There no longer was the need for oral communication in the same space, and written communication was replaced by the immediate communication technologies. Written communication, took long periods of time to move from sender to recipient, while the telegraph was able to overcome these time ‘gaps. Capitalism, with its need for ‘speeding up time to thus reducing space to increase production and consumption, media technologies, such as the telephone, television, the mobile phone and ultimately the internet have all caused the diminishment and perception of space further than the telegraph, and increased production and consumption due to its increased outreach without the hindrance of space. Space, as state d before plays an integral role in shaping society, and with it constantly being challenged by new emerging media and technologies, the way we see space changes. In a modern capitalist society, companies, who at first were only capable of reaching people in a confined space, are able to advertise and reach targeted consumers globally. A perfect example of a diminishing space rift is Coca Cola. Due to a globalising world, and the achievement of immediate worldwide communication, they were able to market their product worldwide, produce it worldwide. We no longer perceive a person that lives halfway across the globe unreachable. We are able to communicate with them instantly with the new media mediums being put to use. A good example of this are the call centres based in India, who do not actually cater to the Indian public, but to the British, who often are not even aware of the fact that they are making a call across the globe. This is evidently a space and time reduction. â€Å"Sp ace appears to shrink to a ‘global village of telecommunications and a ‘spaceship earth of economic and ecological interdependencies† (Harvey, 1989: p.240) The more technological advances occur, the more are needed, thus the rate at which they are researched and put to use gradually increases, which also in turn causes time to speed up at the same rate. The capitalistic need of ‘instant noodle products constantly advances. Ultimately the internet, since its emergence has become an extension of our space, and a shortcut through time. The internet has replaced post mail, bulletin boards, shopping catalogues, libraries, video rentals, etc. It has not only replaced all these, it has reduced the time needed to access them and use them. Modern communication has become time based rather than space based. With mobile phones, instant messaging and social networking sites, we no longer have the need for space for communication. Our communication has made space, in a social context, physically redundant. In premodern society on the other hand, the need for space was vital for communication, due to the lack of communication technologies. Space and time in that case were equally important. Here it must be understood, that space itself is a hurdle that has to be overcome in order for human interaction to take place. Surveillance and new media technologies are closely interlinked. This idea touches upon Foucaults panopticon, where prisoners, workers, schoolchildren etc. are able to be watched and surveyed from a single point. The idea of this social control has taken a new turn. Society can now be under constant observance, CCTVs and other monitoring devices can be installed anywhere in a country or even abroad, and can be immediately be viewed hundreds of kilometres away. Thus the idea of social control in coordination with time and space has changed as well. Are the virtual spaces that we have created the same space as we occupy? Considering that these virtual spaces are not actually physical. We know that the space we occupy physically exists, because of our ability to sense (hearing, smell, touch, sight and taste). Social movements and interaction, has until recently been entirely confined to this ‘space. With the emergence of the electronic virtual space, we have created a dimension which we cannot touch or smell. However, we are able to see and hear it. We are able to use this virtual space from the space that we occupy. We create avatars, to represent ourselves in this virtual space. Or is this virtual space, actually part of our space? Has it caused us to understand time and space differently? While we cannot be physically present on the internet, we have used it to extend and at the same time change our social space. The internet, as well as other electronic media, changes our social surroundings. We no longer have to meet a friend, colleague or family member in a physical space; due to the internet we have the ability to not change our spatial location, but can simply contact them via social networking sites, instant messaging software or other internet or telecommunication based means. Furthermore, touching upon capitalism again, in reference to the internet, consumption is changing. The internet enables us to shop, without moving further than our doorstep to pick up a parcel delivery. We can order any item imaginable, ranging from groceries to electronics to cars to land. We can buy them directly from retailers or take part in auctions on eBay. Giddens asks the question â€Å"Why is the separation of time and space so crucial to the extreme dynamism of modernity?†(Giddens, 1990: p.20) Giddens then proceeds to answer the question and argues that the separation of time and space is the â€Å"prime condition of disembedding† (Giddens, 1990:p.20). Disembedding is not only the removal of individuals from the boundaries of time and space, but also the disembedding of entire institutions. This shows that time-space distanciation happens on a much larger scale. It is not only the communication between single individuals, but the communication of entire companies, institutions, and even entire countries. The disembedding that Giddens mentions, is the product of new media technologies. Furthermore, this affects the basis of contemporary social life. The societies we live in nowadays are highly globalised. This is not only due to the fact that people of different origins live in the same country, but that people can by t he click of a button, order products, programs, or receive information on and from any other country. The relations between time and space, has definitely changed with every communicative technology. Due to new media technologies such as the internet and the mobile phone, we are now able to communicate without having to be in a designated space. We can be in the most public of places, yet be able to talk to someone that was not even in that area. The internet allows us to receive information, communicate with literally anyone instantly, no matter where they are without having to be physically present. It has enabled the emergence of multinational corporations, the intertwining of cultures. Time and spaces relation however, has always been under constant change and will continue to change with every technological advancement we make.

A Discourse on Inequality Essay -- Jean Jacques Rousseau Inequality Es

A Discourse on Inequality In Rousseau’s book â€Å"A Discourse On Inequality†, he looks into the question of where the general inequality amongst men came from. Inequality exists economically, structurally, amongst different generations, genders, races, and in almost all other areas of society. However, Rousseau considers that there are really two categories of inequality. The first is called Natural/Physical, it occurs as an affect of nature. It includes inequalities of age,, health, bodily strength, and the qualities of the mind and soul. The second may be called Moral/Political inequality, this basically occurs through the consent of men. This consists of the privileges one group may have over another, such as the rich over the poor. Rousseau came to the conclusion that the best way to examine the inequality in society is to examine the beginning of mankind itself. He tried to imagine the early state of man assuming there was ever actually a state where man existed only with the nature, in a solitary, and primitive lifestyle. He did not however revert as far back to the idea of the Neanderthal man to examine the ideas man held and where they came from. Instead, he looked at a state where man looked, and seemed to have the same physical abilities as he does today. Rousseau also concedes that a time where the ideas of government, ownership, justice, and injustice did not exist may not have ever existed. If what many religions tell us is true, then, in mans beginning, he was from the start, handed down laws from god which would influence his thinking and decisions. Through this, the only way such a period could come about would have to be through some catastrophic event, which would not only be impossible to ex plain, but consequently, impossible to prove. Therefore, imagining this state could prove not only embarrassing, but would be a contradiction to the Holy Scriptures. In the â€Å"natural state†, Rousseau suggests that we should strip man of all the â€Å"supernatural gifts† he may have been given over the course of time. He says we should â€Å"consider him, in a word, just as he must have come from the hands of nature, we behold in him an animal weaker than some, and less agile than others; but, taking him all around, the most advantageously organized of any.† He presumes that man’s needs would be easily satisfied. His food was easily gained, as wa... ...e significantly because in more instances remaining a part of the group was more of a benefit then not. Now that groups were steadily together, they began to expand their knowledge, their tool making abilities had increased, they learned to make huts, and did so because they believed they were easier to defend. Others would not try and take over this hut, not because it belonged to the one who built it, but either because it served no use to them, they were weaker, they could build it themselves, or most likely, they knew that they would have to fight with the family if they did attempt to take it. Instead, this person was likely to become a neighbor, rather then an enemy for the sheer motive of convenience. Essentially, the fact that others stood by as one did something for oneself, mimicked it rather than tearing it down, allowed for the ideas of property, and ownership. Property, as it grew large in its ideology would become too big for those who would eventually try to tear it down, this would lead to laws and groups who would enforce it as being a valid concept. Thus Ownershi p, Property, and Law are the basis for the outbreak and ever present inequality in our lives.

Big city or small town Essay

Good afternoon everyone. Today I’d like to say something about big city and small town. It sounds charming to see stars at night, to plant fruits in the garden, or to picnic on the lawn, rural life distinguished itself in being closer to nature. But truth to be told, living close to nature also means that there will be plenty of animals and insects visiting your home and vegetation. Surely Fish is more inclined to enjoy itself in marine environment instead of being stuck in a small pond. So are humans. City born and city bred, the quiet life of country has never appealed to me and I fancy the adventurous and splendid life of city. To begin with, living in a big city can enjoy the best services and entertainment as well as more opportunities. In a megalopolis, the government and wealthy people have invested lots of capital and resources in providing people with fabulous facilities, services and infrastructure like big cinemas, theatres, stadiums, big shopping malls, the best me dical services, good education resources, uncountable restaurants, theme parks, museums, convenient transport systems, etc, resulting in more job opportunities and choices. These are all rarely found in small towns as most of them are located in suburbs where population density is low and transportation is poor, so it will be very boring and inconvenient to live in a small town. In addition, living in a metropolis can broaden your horizons. With a very dense population, big cities such as New York contain a diverse realm of ideas and innovations, as well as different high valued cultural activities and lifestyles. There are uncountable things to do, thousands of all sorts of unique or strange or interesting people to meet, and numerous places to visit every day, and much more opportunities to explore various cultures and knowledge. On the other hand, a small town has a strong homogeneity, in which all people in the town share similar ideas and attitudes, so what people in a small town can experience and learn is limited to the town: what you can know are only the ideas of your neighbors, who you can meet are only the people from the same town, where you can go are only the areas nearby! Only in the big city can people satisfy their curiosity of the outside world, their thirst for knowledge and their eagerness of gaining different  experiences. Last but not least, a big city is vibrant while a small town is comparatively boring. In small towns, people usually live a stable, slow and simple lifestyle, which consists of very little changes in everyday life. However, in a big city, citizens live and work at a fast pace. People in big cities can therefore enjoy a more exciting, glamorous and productive life. Although a hurrying lifestyle may cause great pressure to the people involved, the invigorating life it brings about is very attractive. Although some people may argue that small towns have less pollution and are close to nature. Life there seems delightful but it will absolutely be very dull for youngsters like us to repeat the same simple and relax living style day and night. I embrace challenges and new things more, so despite the concentrated pollution and distance from the natural world, I still fancy the life in a big city. All in all, the life of a city dweller is more adventurous and splendid, while the life in smal l towns is rather simple and plain. Hence, small towns may be a good choice for retired, but not energetic university students like us. Thank you very much!

Free Essays on Outsourcing

Outsourcing Business Processes Summary This paper captures the most prominent services and issues associated with today's outsourcing environment. Outsourcing is the modern business term for having other companies accomplish basic business processes rather than doing them inhouse. While outsourcing has always been an important business option, modern technical capabilities are fast making outsourcing a critical requirement in competitive, cost conscious industries. However, our recent experience with terrorist challenges indicates that a second look is needed to ensure that outsourcing risks are still acceptable. This paper (1) benchmarks classical (but modern) outsourcing methods to provide a starting point, (2) notes what information system services are being outsourced, (3) provides examples of how those services were being promoted and leveraged, with some comments on terrorist related risks, and (4) indicates how the experts suggest that outsourcing, if it is reliable and secure, should be addressed in contracts (incentives). An awareness of these basic aspects of outsourcing is important to the business analyst or consultant. Benchmarking Modern Outsourcing Charles L. Gay and James Essinger (2000) provide not only a generic (non-high-tech) framework within which to view modern, high-tech outsourcing, they also provide this framework from the British perspective, often using United States companies as examples. They list numerous benefits and hazards of outsourcing, only indirectly considering terrorist acts, and they explore the different business relationships that apply in the world of outsourcing. Based on their perspectives, we can conclude that outsourcing is a well developed but also complex topic, one that is often over simplified and, thus, is often improperly implemented. Nevertheless, with the British framework in mind, one should view the numerous and quickly evolving high-tech extrapolations of outsourcing ... Free Essays on Outsourcing Free Essays on Outsourcing Summary: According to the election-year bluster of politicians and pundits, the outsourcing of American jobs to other countries has become a problem of epic proportion. Fortunately, this alarmism is misguided. Outsourcing actually brings far more benefits than costs, both now and in the long run. If its critics succeed in provoking a new wave of American protectionism, the consequences will be disastrous for the U.S. economy and for the American workers they claim to defend. Daniel W. Drezner is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago and the author of "The Sanctions Paradox." He keeps a weblog at www.danieldrezner.com/blog; full references and data sources for this article can be found here. THE TRUTH IS OFFSHORE When a presidential election year coincides with an uncertain economy, campaigning politicians invariably invoke an international economic issue as a dire threat to the well-being of Americans. Speechwriters denounce the chosen scapegoat, the media provides blanket coverage of the alleged threat, and legislators scurry to introduce supposed remedies. The cause of this year's commotion is offshore outsourcing the alleged migration of American jobs overseas. The depth of alarm was strikingly illustrated by the firestorm of reaction to recent testimony by N. Gregory Mankiw, the head of President George W. Bush's Council of Economic Advisers. No economist really disputed Mankiw's observation that "outsourcing is just a new way of doing international trade," which makes it "a good thing." But in the political arena, Mankiw's comments sparked a furor on both sides of the aisle. Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry accused the Bush administration of wanting "to export more of our jobs overseas," and Senate Minority Leader Tom Daschle quipped, "If this is the administration's position, I think they owe an apology to every worker in America." Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert, meanwh... Free Essays on Outsourcing Outsourcing Business Processes Summary This paper captures the most prominent services and issues associated with today's outsourcing environment. Outsourcing is the modern business term for having other companies accomplish basic business processes rather than doing them inhouse. While outsourcing has always been an important business option, modern technical capabilities are fast making outsourcing a critical requirement in competitive, cost conscious industries. However, our recent experience with terrorist challenges indicates that a second look is needed to ensure that outsourcing risks are still acceptable. This paper (1) benchmarks classical (but modern) outsourcing methods to provide a starting point, (2) notes what information system services are being outsourced, (3) provides examples of how those services were being promoted and leveraged, with some comments on terrorist related risks, and (4) indicates how the experts suggest that outsourcing, if it is reliable and secure, should be addressed in contracts (incentives). An awareness of these basic aspects of outsourcing is important to the business analyst or consultant. Benchmarking Modern Outsourcing Charles L. Gay and James Essinger (2000) provide not only a generic (non-high-tech) framework within which to view modern, high-tech outsourcing, they also provide this framework from the British perspective, often using United States companies as examples. They list numerous benefits and hazards of outsourcing, only indirectly considering terrorist acts, and they explore the different business relationships that apply in the world of outsourcing. Based on their perspectives, we can conclude that outsourcing is a well developed but also complex topic, one that is often over simplified and, thus, is often improperly implemented. Nevertheless, with the British framework in mind, one should view the numerous and quickly evolving high-tech extrapolations of outsourcing ...

Human Resource Management in Walmart Essays

Human Resource Management in Walmart Essays Human Resource Management in Walmart Paper Human Resource Management in Walmart Paper Renato Zuccolillo December 1, 2013 Final Paper Human Resource Management Introduction We all know Wal-Mart, and the first thing that comes to mind is how huge the company is, but the key to the company, is its people. Wal-Mart, founded by Sam Walton in 1962, is one of the world largest companies by market capitalization and number of people employed and touching millions of customers everyday. There are more than 7,800 Wal-Mart stores and Sams Club locations in 16 markets worldwide and there are more than 2 million associates serving more than 100 million customers per year. It is the largest grocery retailer in the United States with an estimated market share of around 20% of the retail grocery and consumables business. To be able to efficiently operate such a complex operation at such a large and do it consistently would only be possible by the huge effort by Wal-Marts associates as its employees are called. This papers looks at the human resources practices of Wal-Mart with a special focus on group and team behavior, leadership, conflict and negotiation, human resource practices and organizational culture and diversity within the company to understand them and also provide some ecommendations to make them better in the future. Analysis of various HR related areas of Wal-Mart One of the reasons why Wal-Mart has been so successful and scale up its model across so many locations is the values and beliefs established by its founder and the customer centric culture that is replicated across locations. The company right from the time of its inception has a clear mission which is to save its customers money and enable them to live better. Below is an analysis of current Wal-Mart practices across various areas and how Wal-Mart has align then to perfectly with its mission statement Group and team behavior There has been a focus on achieving things together as a team right from the days of Sam Walton. Sam Walton firmly believed that all the people working in Wal-Mart are ordinary people and as a team they are able to do extraordinary things, growing together and accomplishing much more than each of them could individually. This same spirit is ingrained even today into the day to day operations of Wal-Mart all over the world, where they leverage team work to overcome obstacles as they all work together to serve their customers the best. The manner in which they work as a team uidelines that the employees follow to extract the maximum value out of working together. Leadership According to Ron to manage the complex operation of the huge number of super stores across the world, there are store managers who are given complete ownership of store operations and given a lot of data that in other companies would not be shared with the middle management. This trust that management has in it increases their ownership in the business and they are motivated to put in better performances and also motivate their team to achieve their targets while ensuring complete customer satisfaction. The focus on the customer is seen here also with the philosophy of Servant Leadership. As per this philosophy, it is their strong belief that effective leaders dont lead from behind a desk and that it is important to develop leaders who are servants to the customers, can work with partners and who are able to motivate the team to perform well. Across stores all over the world, the managers at Wal-Mart can be seen right on the floor working along with other associates. This enables leaders in Wal-Mart to lead by example which is very motivating for the associates as well to put in their best effort. Conflict Resolution Wal-Mart also realizes the importance of free flowing communication to being responsive to customer needs and actively encourages two way communications across the organization both top down and bottom up. To encourage associate to come up and speak with the management, Wal-Mart actively promoted the open door policy where associates can walk up to many manager or leader and share suggestions, ideas or raise any concerns that they might have. It is expected of the leaders that they treat all discussions fairly without bias and with an open mind and n confidence if required and work with the associate to resolve the issue or problems that they might have. This again is a very good policy that helps Wal-Mart to fix problems or resolve conflicts and issues quickly and focus on its purpose which is to serve its customers in the best possible manner. Human resource practices As described earlier, one of the most important functions in Wal-Mart would be the human resources who have to come up with processes and policies to manage the huge two million associates that are employed by the business. The employees are reated as an integral part of the business and are called as associates which makes them feel a part of the company and hence motivates them to give their best. Wal- Mart also recognizes that it would not be able to achieve its mission without the support of its associates and has got a variety of programs for the benefit of the employees. All associates and their families are provided with health coverage and operations such as cash registers being shut off automatically so that associates can take their break and relax and also to account for accurately the amount of time that they had worked. There is also a very open culture where people are encouraged to come up and resolve issues. Though there have been a lot of criticism in the past of Wal-Mart being a bad employer, not giving enough chances for women to get promoted, exploiting workers with very low wages, it seems that they appreciate these issues and are working on them to find a solution. Organizational culture Sam Walton had started the company based on strong beliefs and values on how the business should be run and these rules and customs are strongly instilled even today into the culture of Wal-Mart. In the company this is known as the three basic eliefs and values and each and every associate is expected to adhere to at every moment in Wal-Mart. The first of the three basic beliefs and values of Wal-Mart is respect for the individual, for the customer, associates, and suppliers with a focus for building relationships and most importantly treating each other with dignity, which helps Wal-Mart to better serve its customers and the community it operates in. The second important belief is of service to Wal-Mart customers, as they believe that customers are the reason why Wal-Mart exists and hence they should be given the best customer service possible. Associates at Wal-Mart are encourages to look for every opportunity where they can exceed customers expectations and put every effort in that direction. The third important belief that guides employees at Wal-Mart is that they should never be satisfied with what they have already accomplished but they should always extend their boundaries and strive to achieve excellence. This passion for continuous improvement o serve their customers best while saving them money hat, customer service is deeply ingrained in the culture of the company, as can be seen from one of the many rules of Sam Walton that they follow even today, alled as the 10 Foot Rule. As per this rule, associates have to pledge that whenever they come within 10 feet of a customer, they would look at them in the eye, greet them and ask them if they require any assistance. Many similar rules of customer service that are followed in the company help to form a culture that is built around customer which helps the business achieve its long term strategy. Organizational Diversity Of late Wal-Mart has been taking a lot of steps to encourage and increase employee diversity in the organization with its pro diversity practices. As an organization it says hat it values diversity and fosters a working environment that enriches the personal and professional experiences of our associates, promotes excellence, and cultivates the intellectual and personal growth of the entire associate population. Wal-Mart plans for diversity as they feel a global business like them needs to have employees from various backgrounds and cultures to understand the customer better and operate a successful global operation. Therefore from the management level, environment and a culture of inclusion that promotes diversity. To encourage and promote diversity in the organization, Wal-Mart has established an Employment Practices Advisory Panel which will work with Wal-Marts senior management to develop and implement progressive enhancements to equal employment opportunity and diversity initiatives for the company. In addition to that all supervisors in Wal- Mart receive training on diversity issues which will make them appreciate the diverse work environment and help them deal with people from different cultures and backgrounds. Of late Wal-Mart has also started women in leadership and mentoring programs to help female employees further their careers and more into management roles. The above discussion shows that Wal-Mart recognizes the need for a diverse and multi cultural workforce and has taken many steps to promote the same. Staffing Training and Development Wall Mart staffing policy largely depends on the concept of performance and ability to work. Since the staff working at Wall-Mart is exposed to globalization, employees selected are sending for training and development on regular bases to have an understanding of companys policies and procedures. Compensation and benefits based on Performance Management The company provides incentives based on performance management, the HR onducts the performance check using various tools which assist the HR to evaluate the employees performance. The companies Compensation policy depends on the staffs performance. The company evaluates the staffs performance on a number of factors which include attendance, timeliness, work ethics and customer satisfaction. The company provides various benefits for staff which meet the staff performance requirements. The company also provides compensation based on injuries. Labor Relations The labor relations plays a critical role in HR management, the HR needs to work together with the Labor committee formed to protect the labor rights. It is critical for Wal-Mart to do so is because if the labor committee gets stronger than the employer it will be detrimental to the Company. The HR department constantly works with the labor committee to assure the smooth flow of operations. Conclusion Wal-Mart without a doubt can be said to be one of the companies of the century and a symbol of how one mans vision can make a great difference to the entire world. It has got very well defined processes backed by technology that has enabled it to scale not the best paymaster, by creating a culture of customer service and high erformance, and by making them owners in the core business processes through trust, it is able to motivate its employees to achieve greater things and strive for excellence. However there are some areas that Wal-Mart needs to concentrate on to achieve its goal of making Wal-Mart a great place to work for its associates and provide them with a professional experience that will make them better. References About Us. (n. d. ) Retrieved February 8, 2009, from Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Web site: http://walmartstores. com/AboutUs/Communities. Establishes Employment Practices Advisory Panel (2006, Apr 24). Retrieved February 8, 2009, from HR. com Web site: hr. com/SlTEFORUM? t=/contentManager/ Culture. n. d. ). Retrieved February 8, 2009, from Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Web site: http:// walmartstores. com/AboutUs/295. aspx Diversity (n. d. ). Retrieved February 8, 2009, Web site: http://walmartstores. com/Diversity/ Drogin, Richard (2003, Feb). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF GENDER PATTERNS IN WAL-MART WORKFORCE. Retrieved February 8, 2009, from Walmartclass. com Web site: walmartclass. com/ staticdata/reports/r2. pdf Health Wellness. (n. d. ). Retrieved February 8, 2009, from Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Web site: http://walmartstores. om/HealthWellness/ Miller, G (2004) Every day low wages: The hidden price we all pay for Wal-Mart A report by the Democratic of the Committee on Education and the Workforce, US House of Representatives. Open Door. (n. d. ). Retrieved February 8, 2009, from Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Web site: http://walmartstores. com/AboutUs/286. aspx Retail Merchandiser (2005, April 13). Head of Wal-Mart HR Emphasizes New and Traditional Practices. Retrieved February 8, 2009, from AllBusiness. com Web site: http:// www. allbusiness. com/retail-trade/4299935-1 . tml Servant Leadership. n. d. ). Retrieved February 8, 2009, from Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Web site: http:// walmartstores. com/AboutUs/289. aspx Teamwork. (n. d. ). Retrieved February 8, 2009, from Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Web site: http://walmartstores. com/AboutUs/292. aspx 3 Basic Beliefs Values (n. d. ). Retrieved February 8, 2009, from Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Web site: http://walmartstore s. com/AboutUs/321 . aspx 10-Foot Rule (n. d. ). Retrieved February 8, 2009, from Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Web site: http://walmartstores. com/ AboutUs/285. aspx Wal-Mart Case Study December 2, 2013

Public Health Preparedness and Safety Assignment

Public Health Preparedness and Safety - Assignment Example From the reading, the healthcare and the public agency that is involved in the simulation is the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction or simply the ISDR. In this case, the strategy generally involves various organizations, institutions and universities which mostly comes together to reduce the number of the injured and the dead by disasters which are triggered by some of the natural hazards. Generally, the agency has been engaging in various concepts and measures that protect the community’s health and safety aspects. One of the main concepts for protecting the safety and health aspects of the involved communities is by upgrading building constructions in the community. There is the believe that in most cases, earthquakes never kill people, but instead, the houses do kill people when they collapse. Therefore, the agency prefers building resilient houses especially in communities and areas, which are prone to earthquakes. Building resilient houses in earthquake prone areas gives the communities a chance to survive especially when the hazard strike. Another concept that helps in protecting the involved communities is through legislations. In a situation where construction of hotels is not allowed to at least 200 meters from the water body, then it means that most tourists visiting the area will be safe from hurricane and floods. Alternatively, education remains one of the major concepts and measures in the reduction of negative natural hazard impacts. In this case, the ISDR plays a significant role in convincing the government in making the world a safer place (Playerthree and UN/ISDR, 2007). One of the best decisions made in the simulations is the construction of resilient houses especially in areas that are prone to earthquakes through a plan known as Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015. Building resilient houses in earthquake prone areas gives the communities a

Information Studies Essay Exams Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Information Studies Exams - Essay Example The propensity for documents to be written and commented upon, another aspect that Brown discusses, has been greatly facilitated by the new generation of electronic documents. An electronic document is amenable to being processed and transmitted by electronic means. One of the major difficulties in moving away from physical to electronic documents stems from security concerns. In the case of physical documents, there is usually only one copy of sensitive information. This copy can be physically protected. In the case of electronic documents, theft of sensitive information is on the rise due to many reasons. The security of the documents and information are challenged by the proliferation of hackers and other forms of attack. Moreover, even where tight security measures are applied, these are, in many cases, restricted to storage and transmission of the documents only. Recipients of the information may unwittingly form breaches in the security system. At the same time, legislation such as the HIPAA makes it mandatory for organizations to take effective measures to protect the privacy of those dealing with them. Easy availability of information has also raised questions about governmental accountability against privacy of individuals. Government can access information about individuals more easily in the electronic age, and under certain circumstances officials of the government are authorized to do so. This creates a dilemma because it is very difficult to judge what constitutes essential intrusions into privacy. There are several social and ethical issues that arise as a result of increasing use of Information systems. The ethical issues broadly cover areas such as Information rights and obligations, property rights and obligations, and accountability. Cultural issues such as assimilation of technologies and development of trust, security issues that concern misuse or theft of information, and fraud, are some of the other