Cultural Diversity and Defining Abnormality Essay - 602 Words

Cultural Diversity and Defining Abnormality All ways of defining of abnormality are limited to a certain extent by cultural variations. This makes it difficult for psychologists to be sure that their definition technique would be effective and accurate in diagnosing all cases of abnormality. The main issue for psychologists regarding cultural diversity is that what may be considered normal in one place may be abnormal in another and therefore psychologist must consider this fact before making a diagnosis. Although the deviation from statistical norm and deviation from ideal mental health definitions are affected by cultural differences as I will discuss briefly later, it is the other two†¦show more content†¦This definition is especially vulnerable to the limits of cultural of differences as it relies totally on social norms to judge normality and therefore it is most likely to be affected by cultural variations. The second definition which is strongly affected by cultural differences is the failure to function adequately approach. This approach by Rosenhan et al. suggests 7 standards which can be used to judge if a person is abnormal. These elements include suffering, unpredictability and irrationality. However, it is the observer discomfort and violation of moral and ideal standards that are most problematic to judge due to cultural differences. Observer discomfort is felt when a person appears to be acting in a way which deviates from the unwritten rules of society and socialising. The problem with this when judging abnormality is that these rules vary between cultures. For example, certain gestures would be considered offensive in some cultures whereas in others they may not. This may mean that a person may not respond to or may respond in an abnormal way to certain gestures and therefore they maybe considered abnormal. The problem with violation from moral and ideal standards is simil ar to the problems I discussed for the deviation fromShow MoreRelatedExamine the Concepts of Normality and Abnormality1419 Words   |  6 PagesExamine the concepts of normality and abnormality (22mks) Abnormality may be defined as behavior that causes distress, loss of freedom, physical or emotional pain, and increased risk of death or injury to self or something that causes a disability of some sort. Abnormal behaviour is however difficult to diagnose because it is, to a large extent, based on the symptoms people exhibit. Psychiatrists and psychologists use a standardized system called a diagnostic manual to help them but this systemRead MoreExamine the Concepts of Normality and Abnormality1419 Words   |  6 PagesExamine the concepts of normality and abnormality (22mks) Abnormality may be defined as behavior that causes distress, loss of freedom, physical or emotional pain, and increased risk of death or injury to self or something that causes a disability of some sort. Abnormal behaviour is however difficult to diagnose because it is, to a large extent, based on the symptoms people exhibit. Psychiatrists and psychologists use a standardized system called a diagnostic manual to help them but this systemRead MoreNormality and Human Behavior1674 Words   |  7 Pageslabels often using the starting point of normality, then any behaviour that deviates away from this is seen as abnormal. 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The Pop Of Pop Art Movement Essay - 1579 Words

Pop Art movement, centralised in the United States during the 1950s-60s, was a stage in the post modernism era in which the line between low art and high art was blurred and art was more accessible to the general public (Gambino, 2011). Andy Warhol was an iconic artist during the pop art movement alongside artists like Rauschenberg and Lichtenstein. The artworks, â€Å"Campbell’s Soup Cans† (1962) and â€Å"Marilyn Diptych† (1962), depict icons from two different contexts and illustrate the theme of over consumption in post war United States. This essay argues that Warhol’s art documented the age in which he lived in. Specifically, these two works create parallel between the commoditisation of a product and a person. The pop art movement is reflective of the societal situation in post-world war United States specifically regarding mass production, pop culture, and consumerism. Andrew Warhola was born on August 6th 1928 into a Catholic, working class, immigrant family in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Shanes, 2006). During his childhood he suffered from Chorea, a rare neurological disease which caused various physiological dysfunctions (Ho, n.d.), leaving him bedridden, he would spend time drawing, listening to the radio, and surrounding himself with pictures of celebrities. According to Mackin (2010), this period in his life heavily influenced his personality and interests which developed further into his career in art. Andy Warhol began his career after studying commercial art at theShow MoreRelatedThe Movement Of Pop Art991 Words   |  4 Pages The term ‘Pop Arts ‘was innovated in the mid-1950s and early 1960 s. Undoubtedly, the god father of this movement is Andy Warhol – the biggest influence on humanity s fixation on visual art. His performance traverses the connection among aesthetic utterance, culture and commercial. By applying various ways of techniques which included silk screen process (for mass production) and colour settlement, Warhol showed to the world of art his perspectives on media, economics and politics. Thus, thisRead MorePop Art : An Art Movement905 Words   |  4 PagesPop Art is an art movement that emerged in the 1950’s characterized by imagery from pop culture mostly on advertisements and news often using the sense of irony. This movement was more of a cultural revolution using vibrant colors and bold graphics to represent a statement and provi de an instant meaning. It has a relation with the abstract expressionism, however it is clearer and has a comic book vibe. Pop art is not trying to confuse you and make you analyze its meaning, on the contrary, it wantsRead MorePop Art Movement Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesThe Pop Art Movement was one of the biggest visual art movements of the 20th century. Therefore it is extremely significant. 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KleinerRead MoreAndy Warhol s Influence On The Pop Art Movement1608 Words   |  7 PagesAndy Warhol, born Andrew Warhola on August 6, 1928, was one of the most successful artists within the pop art movement. At the age of 8, Warhol was diagnos ed with a rare, sometimes fatal, disease named Chorea. Also known as St. Vitus’s dance, a neurological disorder that is characterized by jerky involuntary movements affecting especially the shoulders, hips and face. Warhol, was left bedridden of several months, however during these months was when he found out about his talent for drawing. LaterRead MoreWarhol : A Artist And A Prominent Figure Into The Pop Art Movement1300 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Pop Art Movement. Andrew Warhola was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. From 1945 to 1949, Warhola studied at the Carnegie Institute of Technology. In 1949, he moved and settled in New York and changed his surname to Warhol. He then worked as a Commercial artist. In the earlier years of the 1960’s, Warhol enjoyed experimenting with large mass advertisements, magazines, and other images. In 1962, he started working on the Marilyn Monroe series, which was the beginning of his success as a Pop artistRead MoreAndy Warhol: Influence on the Twentieth Century Pop Art Movement1065 Words   |  5 PagesAs a profound influence on the twentieth century pop art movement, Andy Warhol ascended to become a cornerstone in the modern art world. After taking cues from society in the mid-twentieth century, as well as conversing with Muriel Latow, Warhol did what many artists strived to do but failed. Andy also extracted many of his ideas from other artists and built on them. He put a culture on canvas and revolutionized pop art for a life time. The nineteen sixties, seventies, and eighties were periods

Discuss the Notions of Ideology and/or False Consciousnes Free Essays

â€Å"The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas, i. e. the class which is the ruling material force of society, is at the same time its ruling intellectual force. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the Notions of Ideology and/or False Consciousnes or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (K. Marx and F. Engels. (1998) â€Å"Ruling Class and Ruling Ideas†. In J. Storey. (ed. ). Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: A Reader Harlow, Essex: Pearson, 191. ) Discuss the notions of ideology and/or false consciousness. Ideology is something that has and will be always in everyone’s life. This is a part of human life. In my essay about ideology I am going to write about Karl Marx ideas about ideology and also Louise Althusser interpretations about ideology. In my opinion they are the two that explain ideology and false consciousness in the best and most understandable way. I am going to start with Karl Marx and write about his thoughts on ideology, false consciousness and how does it fit in to everyday life. Afterwards how Althusser complicated Marx’s ideas and explained how ideology works in people’s lives in his own way. The Expression â€Å"Ideology† was created by Cabanis, Destutt de Tracy and their friends, and they defined it as an object the theory of ideas. Afterwards it was picked up by Karl Marx (1818-1883) and few years latter Louis Althusser (1918-1990) started expanding Marx ides on ideology. Main ideas on ideology by Karl Marx appeared in â€Å"The German Ideology†, that he wrote with Frederick Engels. Althusser wrote about Marx’s ides that (2001) â€Å"Ideology itself represents the â€Å"production of ideas, of conceptions, of consciousness,† all that â€Å"men say, imagine, conceive,† and include such things as â€Å"politics, laws, morality, religion, metaphysics, etc. Ideology functions as the superstructure of a civilization: the conventions and culture that make up the dominant ideas of a society. † Ideology is basically ideas of social groups. People think that something has some kind of purpose to serve them, but really it has a differen t purpose. For example police, everyone thinks that they are here to protect us, but actually their purpose is to keep us under control. The ideology is based on the ruling class and their ideas. Ruling class tries to keep everything running properly and keep people under control. It is said by Althusser â€Å"Since one goal of ideology is to legitimize those forces in a position of hegemony, it tends to obfuscate the violence and exploitation that often keep a disempowered group in its place. † For masses ideology is as a system of illusory beliefs – False Consciousness. False consciousness is a misrepresentation of different social relations between privet and public. Daniel Little (no date) wrote â€Å"â€Å"False consciousness† is a concept derived from Marxist theory of social class. The concept refers to the systematic misrepresentation of dominant social relations in the consciousness of subordinate classes. Marx himself did not use the phrase â€Å"false consciousness,† but he paid extensive attention to the related concepts of ideology and commodity fetishism. † Marx never said in his work that ideology is false consciousness, but ideology in his work can be interpreted as false consciousness in some ways. Ideology is seen as illusionary beliefs, people see things in one way, helping them, their living conditions and different organisations working for people, for example schools, clothing factories, etc. But in reality all this organisations work for ruling classes to keep masses under ruling classes power. Schools educate people to make them able to work for the ruling class in the future and keep the economy going. Clothing factories create clothes for people, and everybody thinks that their made for them to feel better, so they could go out and buy new clothes and feel happy. In reality clothes are produced to lure people to buy them and spend money, give hardly earned money back to the ruling class and most of the clothes are produced to last for a short time, so people would keep coming back and buying more. Looking through people’s point of view, ideology can be interpreted as false consciousness. Andrew Butler (2009) said in our lecture â€Å"Ideology – people doing what they’re doing without knowing what they’re doing or why. † If people are doing what they are doing without knowing, it can be translated as false consciousness. They think that they know what they are doing and why they are doing it, but actually not. Ideology is false beliefs and ideas, false understanding how world works. Louis Althusser, expanded Karl Marx ideas on ideology. Marx separated everything, he thought that superstructure has a relative autonomy with relation to the base, that superstructure is not influenced by base and other way around as well. But Althusser did not reject these ideas but complicates them, he sees superstructure and base working together, he does not separate them from each other. It was said in our lecture by Andrew Butler (2009) â€Å"Whereas classic Marxism sees the economic base as determining the superstructure Althusser sees them as having a Double function. By double function he meant that there is not a separation between public and private, everything is linked together. A good example was brought in our lecture notes by Andrew Butler (2009) â€Å"Imagine a kind of network where everything impacts on everything else. the feminist slogan the personal is political would be a good way of thinking about this. So the family – something that might seem personal or more specifically say breastfeeding might seem pri vate is in fact linked to the economic base and influenced by the superstructure. Breastfeeding could be part of a medical fad or you might do it because of education but doing it or not impacts on when you go back to work or whether you buy formula milks so it is an economic and political decision as well as a private one. † In Althusser’s opinion ideology treats people as subjects, because ideology has a material existence. Ideology always reveals through human actions and participations. For example art, art is produced for people to buy, to give money back to the country, but art is produced through another person, through hard labour and he also gets paid for it, this is a job for him. David Hawkes (1996, p. 122) said â€Å"an ideology always exists in an apparatus, and its practice, or practices. This existence is material† Ideology is an ideal idea of perfect state; it has a material existence that treats humans as subjects. In our lecture notes by Andrew Butler (2009) Althusser asked â€Å"why subjects are obedient, why people follow the laws and why isn’t there a revolt/revolution against capitalism IF IT IS NOT IN THE INTERESTS OF THE LOWER CLASSES† and he explained this through complicating Marx’s ideas by bringing in Repressive State Apparatuses and Ideological State Apparatuses. Repressive State Apparatuses can control people by force so everybody would behave in the way as the ruling class wants; it includes organizations like the police, prisons, security, etc. Ideological State Apparatuses include institutions that create ideologies on what people can act and believe, for example schools, churches, legal systems, radio, press, television, etc. ISAs acts through ideology, they tell people how to think and influence people mentally, not like RSA, which acts through violence. In conclusion I would say that Ideology is a set of ideas of social groups. People think that something has some kind of purpose to serve them, but really it has a different purpose – false consciousness. For masses ideology is as a system of illusory beliefs – False Consciousness. Though Marx never said in his work that ideology is false consciousness, but ideology in his work can be interpreted as false consciousness in some ways. Louis Althusser was another ideology theorist and he expanded Karl Marx ideas on ideology. Where Marxism saw the economic base as determining the superstructure Althusser saw them as having a Double function. That they work together, superstructure determines economic base and economic base determines superstructure. He explained this by expanding Marx’s ideas by bringing in Repressive State Apparatuses and Ideological State Apparatuses. That people are seen as subject and state has different associations to keep people under control by force, violence and also by giving people ideas how everything works and it is all meant to be for people, to make their lives better and more organised. Ideology is meant to keep people under ruling class power and order. In my opinion the ideology is working just fine, it keeps the world organised and together. Only it does it through false consciousness, lies. †¢ Hawkes, D. (1996) Ideology. reprint edition. Routledge †¢ Althusser, L. (2001) Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. Trans. Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review P. Available at: http://www. cla. purdue. edu/English/theory/marxism/modules/marxideology. html (Accessed: 21 April 2009) †¢ Althusser, L. (2001) Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. Trans. Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review P. Available at: http://www. cla. purdue. edu/English/theory/marxism/modules/marxideology. html (Accessed: 21 April 2009) †¢ Althusser, L. (2001) Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. Trans. Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review P. Available at: http://www. cla. purdue. edu/English/theory/marxism/modules/marxideology. html (Accessed: 21 April 2009) †¢ Little, D. (no date) False Consciousness, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Available at: http://www-personal. umd. umich. edu/~delittle/iess%20false%20consciousness%20V2. htm (Accessed: 21 April 2009) How to cite Discuss the Notions of Ideology and/or False Consciousnes, Papers

Nursing for Clinical Judgment and Ethics- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theNursing for Clinical Judgment and Ethics. Answer: Nursing is the backbone of healthcare system of the county. Most of the times, nurses are given the responsibility to save the lives of the people at crucial circumstances. They regularly encounter the dilemma of making ethically sound decisions. In healthcare profession, the nurses must realize the importance of accurate record-keeping and maintaining ethical conduct related to signatures. In the present essay, the ethical issue of signature forging is discussed. In the given case, a colleague is asked to attend the class and forge the signature in the attendance sheet of the student. It can be perceived as an unethical behavior. In the nursing profession, signature forging is considered as a serious disciplinary matter. In such situation, the nursing student must be charged under the discipline regulations of the University. The nursing ethical committee and the University discipline committee heavily penalize such misconduct. It is due to the fact that the nursing profession is ba sed on ethics, integrity, sense of responsibility and self-discipline. In this essence, the present essay will discuss the issue of signature forging and provide possible actions to address the issue. Forging of signature is a serious ethical issue and required immediate legal action. Even in normal circumstances, forging signature should be addressed with legal action as it can result in fraud. The results of signature forging are negative on the finances and the image of the person. Moreover, the nursing professionals have to be ethically responsible as they have the responsibility of protecting the lives of the patients. The case of signature forgery among the students is a serious issue. It is a common practice among the students to forge each others signature in the attendance sheet. However, it encourages absenteeism. Moreover, students do not value the importance of being present in the class. This behavior should be immediately reported to the ethical committee (Park, Kjervik, Crandell, Oermann, 2012). The nurses have the responsibility of protecting the health, safety and the rights of the patients. It is unethical behavior of the nurses to forge the signature of the patients or a colleague. It impacts the right of other person in making an informed, self-derived and autonomous decision. The nurses have a high job responsibility as they have to honor, protect ad respect the right of patients and their peers. The nurses must honor their rights and the rights of their patients. While making ethical decisions, the nurses must be attentive to the legal language and understand how their actions affect others (Cannaerts, Gastmans Casterl, 2014). In order to promote ethical actions, the government and the nursing committee have made several laws to address the fraud and abuse in the healthcare. These committees are also focused on encouraging moral behavior in the name of ethics. It is the responsibility of the organization to motivate moral behavior, settling disagreement and controversies among different people (Johnstone, 2011). The committees have designed ethical guidelines to promote ethical behavior among the nurses. The nursing ethics is a specific discipline, which concerns with the ethical behavior in the field of nursing. The nursing principles are concerned with several values, such as beneficence, non-maleficence and respect for autonomy. Other than that, the nursing ethics are also based on emphasis on relationships, human dignity and collaborative care to the patients. The nurses have the ethical responsibility to address the high-quality care to the patients (Bollig, Gjengedal Rosland, 2016). Therefore, they should be familiar to the ethical code of conduct and use them in the decision making. The international nursing code of conduct is culturally adapted so that the nurses can adapt their behavior according to the geographical location and the behavior of the customers. The ethical codes provide the required elements for the ethical conduct and assist the nurses in taking the ethical decisions. The nurses have several duties such as to work as clinical nurse, researcher, administrator and the policy makers. The nursing ethics also acknowledge them that they are required to make ethical decisions and the value of their profession as they provide direct care to the patients, teaching nursing staff, performing research and supervision and management to the teaching staff. The nursing educators also owe importance of understanding the legal and ethical standards to increase the capability of the nurses. The ethical duties also raise the awareness of the nurses regarding the significance of certain duties and responsibilities. In the recent years, several issues have occurred, in which experienced nurses have broken the ethical code of conduct. These situations have highlighted the importance of specialized ethics and nursing education in the education. In the nursing profession, ethics encompass values, rights, duties and responsibilities. The ethical codes are used to interact with the patients, colleagues and other professionals. The nursing educators should adopt a holistic approach to establish a proper value system among the students. The ethical issue will expand the intellectual capacity of the students. As a professional, they will be more emotionally stable and morally mature. The ethical case study will increase the ethical awareness of the s tudents, which will make them proficient in handling the ethical dilemma. It also makes the student ready to handle the ethical conflicts, which will be encountered in the future practice (Grace DRN, 2017). The ethical education also helps the professional in developing a sense of identity, which promotes the professional development. Therefore, education interventions are needed at the beginning of the professional education as the students realize the importance of ethical education. By following the ethical rules, the nursing students will also be able to develop desirable relationships with the other nurses. The nursing ethics education require lecture regarding nursing ethics and professionalism. The content of the lectures should be based on the learning objectives designed by the international nursing committee. The learning objectives should focus on the concepts of nursing ethics, ethical thinking, ethics pertaining to the nurses and the clients, professional establishment and characteristics of the nursing profession. It should also encompass the theories and the real life case-studies (Kang, 2017). While discussing the ethics and the responsibility of the nurse, it is important to realize that these ethical values must be imbibed in the education of the nurses. It is important to make the nursing students aware the importance of the ethical conduct in their professional behavior. In the present case, a nursing student tried to breach the ethics and tried to adopt unethical behavior. In such case, it is important that the nursing student is realizes that his behavior is inappropriate. However, to change the attitude and demonstrate the importance of the issue, the case must be notified to the University ethics committee. The university ethics committee will take strict action and heavily penalize the student. The student should realize that je is certifying the acquisition of knowledge, which he has not received. The nursing profession is a responsible profession and the nurses have to deal with critical situations, which often involve the life of the people (Benner, Tanner Chesla, 2009). In this case, it is important that the nurses have attained the knowledge, for which they are giving guarantee. If the student passes with the certification, he might be given some critical responsibility in his professional career (Ulrich, Taylor, Soeken, ODonnell, Farrar, Danis Grady, 2010). However, the student will not be able to handle this responsibility. Therefore, in nursing, forgery in attendance sheet results in severe outcomes. The patients are not the only stakeholder in the treatment of the patients, but it also includes the patients family and the healthy people in the society, which are part of the plans and services provided to the patient. The nurses must realize that their actions will not only play with the lives of the patients but it will also affect the lives of their families. Here, it can be critiqued that ethical and professional authenticity and ethical b behavior is important in the nursing profession. The importance of following ethical behavior should be enforced to the students during their education. The nurses often have to work in a fast-paced and technical environment. It is their responsibility to take ethically sound decisions about the patient care and share it with other healthcare professionals. The nurses should be prepared about such situations from their undergraduate years. The development of ethical behavior and adherence to the ethical standards is important part of nursing profession. The nurses must be capable of developing trust and they are also needed to demonstrate compassion and empathy to the nurses. Most of the times, nurse work alone in the treatment of the patients and they have to perform duties according to the physicians instructions or use their own judgement in urgent situations. Ethics assure that the nurses are indulging in fair and equal treatment to all the patients including economic status, age, ethnic background and sexual orientation. Therefore, ethics have important role in the nursing education. Nursing ethics are important for making the s tudents an important member of the society and offering them highest ideals of the nursing profession. The nursing education has a critical role in developing a climate, which makes the student exercise sound judgement, practice ethical standards, supporting the colleagues and committing to their profession. Therefore, any instance of unethical behavior must be shunned immediately by the nursing educators and the committees (Benner, Tanner Chesla, 2009). There are other codes of ethic, which states that the nurses should respect the individual dignity of the patients, and it should be regardless of the cultural, socio-economic, gender or ethnic background of the individual. The international code of conduct also emphasizes the importance of ethical behavior in the nursing profession. The fourth element of the code elaborates on the ethical conduct of the nursing professionals, which emphasize the ethical behavior between the nurses and co-workers. As practitioners and managers, the nurses should develop a workplace system, which support the professional and ethical value at the workplace (ICN, 2012). Therefore, the university should take strict action to combat such behavior. The university should make the student aware that such behavior is inappropriate and unacceptable in terms of nursing profession. The nurse should behave in an ethical manner. The student must be given a chance to justify himself. However, if he is still found guilty, he should be penalized financially and suspended from the college. He must be able to realize the importance of nursing ethics. Conclusively, it can be stated that the ethics are important part of the nursing profession. The ethical education is indispensable in the development of the ethical value system among the nursing students. In the present essay, the case of signature forgery among the students has been evaluated. It is a common practice among the students wherein they forge each others signature in the attendance sheet. It promotes absenteeism and the students do not value the importance of being present in the class. Other than that, signature forgery is a serious ethical issue. This behavior should be immediately reported and the University should heavily penalize the students involved in such type of crime. It is recommended that the universities and the educators should use different approaches in teaching ethics to the students. There are several approaches such as the use of movies, documentary videos, press release and discussions. The ethical awareness among the students should be raised by t he use of movies, documentary videos, press release and the ethical discussion. References Benner, P. E., Tanner, C. A., Chesla, C. A. (2009).Expertise in nursing practice: Caring, clinical judgment, and ethics. Springer Publishing Company. Bollig, G., Gjengedal, E., Rosland, J. H. (2016). Nothing to complain about? Residents and relatives views on a good life and ethical challenges in nursing homes.Nursing ethics,23(2), 142-153. Cannaerts, N., Gastmans, C., Casterl, B. D. D. (2014). Contribution of ethics education to the ethical competence of nursing students: educators and students perceptions.Nursing ethics,21(8), 861-878. Grace, P. J., DRN, P. (Eds.). (2017).Nursing ethics and professional responsibility in advanced practice. Jones Bartlett Learning. ICN. (2012). THE ICN CODE OF ETHICS FOR NURSES. Retrieved 18 April 2018 from https://www.icn.ch/images/stories/documents/about/icncode_english.pdf Johnstone, M.J. (2011). 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